汞是一种原子序数为80的化学元素。它通常被称为水银,旧称为
hydrargyrum(/haɪdrɑːrdʒərəm/),这就是为什么汞的元素符号为Hg。汞是唯一在标准温度和压力条件下为液体的金属元素;在这些条件下唯一的液态非金属元素是溴。
Mercury is a chemical element with atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑːrdʒərəm/), which explains the chemical symbol name Hg. Mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine.
在《科学猫》之前的推文中跟大家讲过汞的毒性很大,如果水银温度计、或者节能灯打碎一定要及时处理,否则会造成慢性中毒,特别是对神经系统伤害很大。
In a previous article we talked about the strong toxicity of mercury – that is why you have to take care of a broken body thermometer or a fluorescent lamp immediately, as the mercury inside easily vaporizes and causes chronic poisoning, especially to the nervous system.
除了其生物毒性外,水银还有另外一个不为人知的特性,那就是它很容易和各种金属形成合金,称为汞齐。比如汞遇到金箔的时候,可以瞬间将其溶解:
In addition to its biological toxicity, there is another unknown property of mercury, that is, it easily alloyed with various metals, known as amalgam. For example, when mercury encounters gold foil, gold can be instantly dissolved:
我们下面来看一下水银和铝板接触后会发生什么?
这是因为铝是活泼金属,在空气中会和氧气发生化学,形成氧化铝保护膜 (Al+O2àAl2O3),防止金属铝和氧气进一步反应(初中化学)。那么如果我们用稀盐酸溶解表面的氧化铝膜之后会怎样?
This is because aluminum is an active metal that easily reacts with oxygen in the air to form a protective film of aluminum oxide,which prevents further reaction of metallic aluminum with oxygen. So what happens if we dissolve the surface of the alumina film with dilute hydrochloric acid?
加入稀盐酸后有气泡产生,说明酸已经完全溶解掉了表面的氧化铝膜,并且开始和金属铝发生化学反应,产生氢气。这时候我们再让铝板和水银接触,奇迹发生了!
After adding dilute hydrochloric acid,bubbles start to generate, indicating that the acid has completely dissolved the surface of the aluminum oxide film, and began a chemical reaction with aluminum to produce hydrogen. At this time we let the aluminum plate and a droplet of mercury contact, a miracle happened!
原来,形成的汞齐会使得铝原子直接氧气接触,源源不断的产生氧化铝,就像白发一样从金属铝的表面长出来。这实际上是加速了氧气腐蚀铝板的进度,反应时间如果足够长就能够破坏铝板的力学性能。
It turns out that the formation of amalgam will make direct contact with the aluminum atoms of oxygen, leading to a continuous generation of alumina, like white hairs growing out of the aluminum plate. This is actually accelerating the progress of oxygen corrosion of aluminum, and if the reaction time is long enough, itcan undermine the mechanical properties of the aluminum plate
为了减少重量,飞机的机身采用了轻质的铝合金作为主要材料,而且厚度只有几厘米。虽然几厘米听起来不算薄,但是对于波音747这样的大家伙来说,几厘米的机身厚度就像是一层纸一样薄!所以当有人再问你飞机最像什么的时候,你可以告诉他们:一个中空的易拉罐!
In order to reduce weight, the aircraft's fuselage uses a lightweight aluminum alloy as the main material, and the thickness of only a few centimeters. Although a few centimeters does not sound thin, for a big guy like the Boeing 747, the thickness of a few centimeters is as thin as a layer of paper! So when someone asks you what the plane resembles the most, you can tell them: a hollow can!
试想如果有人把水银带上飞机,先不说其生物毒性,假如一滴水银落入飞机地板下方和机身的铝合金直接接触会产生什么样灾难性的结果!但是新一代的飞机正逐步采用更加轻质的碳纤维替代金属,是我们之后的空中旅行更加环保、更加安全。
Imagine if someone took mercury on board the plane, let's not talk about its biological toxicity, leaking a drop of mercury into the plane under the floor - the body of the aluminum alloy in direct contact with mercury will produce disastrous consequences! However, a new generation of aircraft is gradually replacing the metal with lighter and stronger carbon fiber, which is more environmentally-friendly and safer for our air travel in the future.
飞机已经成为人们常用的交通工具之一。飞机飞行在空中,一旦发生事故就会比较严重,所以机场的安检非常严格,很多东西被禁止带上飞机,比如大部分液体,有毒物,刀片等等。
可能很多人不知道,生活中常用的水银温度计也是被限制携带的物品之一,大多数航班禁止随身携带水银温度计,必须装在保护盒内托运。这是为什么呢?小小的温度计能给飞机带来什么威胁呢?
咱们先看一个国外的实验。
这是一块铝板,上面钻了个半圆形的小孔
因为小孔暴露在空气中已经有一段时间了,表面的铝已经被氧化成“氧化铝”,所以先用稀盐酸分解掉氧化铝
倒掉盐酸,把小孔擦干净
滴上一滴水银
见证奇迹的时刻到了!铝板竟然快速向上生长,像锯末一样!
继续疯狂生长
最后长成了这个样子
用手轻轻一拿就掉了
铝板被腐蚀掉了厚厚的一层
这是怎么回事呢?咱们来分析一下这个反应的原理。
铝是一种化学性质非常活泼的金属,在空气中很容易被氧化成“氧化铝”,但是一般情况下,形成的氧化铝会覆盖在铝的表面,阻止铝被进一步氧化。
水银,也就是汞,是常温常压下唯一以液态存在的金属,能溶解大部分普通金属,比如金、银、铝。上面的实验中,当水银接触到铝,会立刻溶解一部分铝,形成铝汞合金(又叫汞齐),这时候铝因为没有氧化膜的保护,就会一直不断地被氧化,生成大量的氧化铝,堆积成锯末形状向上生长。整个过程中,水银只参与溶解这个物理变化,不参与铝的化学反应,所以不会被消耗掉,会一直促使反应进行下去,直到穿透铝板。
由此可见,小小的一滴水银,能对铝造成毁灭性的破坏。乘坐飞机的时候,万一不小心打破了水银温度计,泄漏的水银正好接触到飞机上轻微的划痕,可能会对飞机造成严重的破坏。这就是飞机上禁止随身携带水银温度计的原因。
水银不仅会对铝造成破坏,对人的毒性也是非常大,在日常使用中千万要注意!
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